Not less than that’s based on an NBER working paper by DiSalvro and Hill (2023). The summary is under:

Earlier analysis within the US has discovered unfavourable well being results of contamination when it triggers regulatory violations. An necessary query is whether or not ranges of contamination that don’t set off a health-based violation influence well being. We examine the influence of consuming water contamination in neighborhood water programs on start outcomes utilizing consuming water sampling outcomes information in Pennsylvania. We create an total water high quality index and an index particular to reproductive well being. We give attention to the consequences of water contamination for births not uncovered to regulatory violations. Our most rigorous specification employs mom mounted results and finds altering from the tenth to the ninetieth percentile of water contamination (amongst births not uncovered to regulatory violations) will increase low start weight by 12% and preterm start by 17%.

NBER Bulletin on Well being has a extra detailed abstract as effectively.